Full Stack Web Development
Interview Questions

CSS preprocessors like Sass and Less extend the functionality of CSS by allowing the use of variables, nested rules, and functions. They enhance code maintainability and provide a more structured and efficient way to write stylesheets.

Responsive web design ensures that a website looks and functions well on various devices and screen sizes. It is implemented using flexible grids, media queries, and fluid layouts to adapt the content to different screen resolutions.

Inline elements do not start on a new line and only take up as much width as necessary, while block-level elements start on a new line and occupy the full width available. Examples of inline elements include <span>, and block-level elements include <div>.

JavaScript is a programming language, while Node.js is a runtime environment that allows the execution of JavaScript code on the server-side. Node.js is commonly used for building scalable and high-performance web applications.

Databases store and manage data for web applications. Types of databases include SQL databases (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL) and NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB, Redis). SQL databases use a structured language, while NoSQL databases are more flexible and scalable.

RESTful APIs (Representational State Transfer) are architectural principles for designing networked applications. They use standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to perform CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on resources. RESTful APIs are stateless and scalable.

MVC (Model-View-Controller) is a design pattern that separates an application into three interconnected components: Model (data and business logic), View (user interface), and Controller (handles user input and updates the Model and View accordingly). It promotes modularization and maintainability in web development.

In Express.js, middleware are functions that have access to the request, response, and the next middleware function in the application’s request-response cycle. They can modify the request, response, or terminate the cycle. Middleware is used for tasks like authentication, logging, and error handling.

Security measures include input validation, parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection, secure password storage (hashing), using HTTPS, validating and sanitizing user input, implementing authentication and authorization, and keeping software dependencies updated to patch known vulnerabilities.